festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. /Text In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. /N 8 Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. This is an example of_______ cause. enjoyable than the others would. 48 0 obj Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. This is an example of which rule of attraction? With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. /O 49 /ImageC The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. Instead the opposite happened. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. 3. This has many practical implications. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. endstream Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. The results were surprising to Festinger. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. New York: Harper & Row. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: %%EOF In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. 0000001035 00000 n endobj The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Leon Festinger and his colleague James While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. 52 0 obj The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." /Info 46 0 R Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Social Researcher. 4. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. 0000000848 00000 n The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure New York Times, p.C1. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. %PDF-1.5 "I didn't like the sermon at all today. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. [/PDF Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. One Dollar condition. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. 0000012870 00000 n Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). Sherry H. Priester They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. The five ratings were: 1. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. Sandy was using_______ processing. From this point on they diverged somewhat. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. You have created 2 folders. B. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. % Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. (Goleman, 1991). they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. 0000000868 00000 n Oct. 2011. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. An internet resource developed by The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. To achieve consonance, something has to give. // adblocker detected If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. (p.47). 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. endobj According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable anything important? We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Which of the following statements is TRUE? Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. /Prev 679084 Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. In the . But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. Control condition. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Festinger, L. (1957). But other factors would enter also. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. (Boulding, 1969) Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. 49 0 obj The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. }. Scott, W. A. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. Let us review these briefly: 1. /L 680077 Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. <> Cite details from the essay that support your response. & KING, B.T. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. Rating scale 0 to 10. In groupthink, members of the group______. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and .

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