New theoretical approaches appear to legitimize orthodox Jungian ways of reading, sanction Jungs range of literary preferences from She to Faust, and support his highly affective reaction to Ulysses, which he himself identified (positively) as a subjective confession (i5:io9n). Where a malignant and a turband Turk And so much duty as my mother showd You elements that clip us round about, Role of the Archetypal Symbols The handercheif is utilized throught Othello to demonstrate the loyalty of Desdemona, as well as Othello's love for her. archetypal criticism in othello america undercover life of crime Juni 12, 2022. used kawai upright piano . Comparing the amount written about the two plays, people find Hamlet more interesting to discuss. Altho a tragic ending it may be, Othello couldn't stand being a such a fool to have believed such lies about his one and only love. This assignment is intended to encourage you, and require you . He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. Literary Theory from 1900 to 1966: A-Z A Alexander Chirila First published: 24 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444337839.wbelctv1a009 Read the full text PDF Tools Share Abstract Archetypal criticism is a form of analysis based on the identification and study of recurring symbolic and mythic patterns. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. Misled by the handkerchief, his love token to Desdemona, that Iago has planted in Cassios room and by a partially overheard conversation between Iago and Cassio, Othello, by the end of act 3, forsakes his wife and engages himself in a perverse version of the marriage ceremony of act 2 to Iago. Perplexed in the extreme; of one whose hand, After the. He carries out his own execution for a violation that threatens social and psychic order. BASIC PREMISES OF ARCHETYPAL THEORY: 1. In his "The . Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. Carl Jungs Contribution to Psychoanalytic Theory. "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . A fig! Self-interest is all that matters, and love is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Othello and Desdemona cannot possibly remain devoted to each other, and, as Iago concludes, If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an err-ing barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. The problem of Iagos motivation to destroy Othello and Desdemona is not that he has too few motives but too many. Desdemona is shown as the most pure and proper of the women in Othello and is put into the center of all the drama. Othello decides the only way to right his wrong is to take his own life. . They're not intended to be submitted as your own work, so we don't waste time removing every error. Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. Mythological literary critics look for archetypes, characters and/or symbols with traits that are seen throughout literature regardless of time or place. Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. This explains his fascination with a text like Rider Haggards novel She: The History of an Adventure (1886-87), with its unmediated representation of the anima. As Jung himself noted: Literary products of highly dubious merit are often of the greatest interest to the psychologist (Collected 15:87-88). In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. When Othello cant dismiss his suspicions of his wife being unfaithful any longer he starts to lose his morality . It is in Act 3 Scene 3 where Othello takes on a new persona, where his confidence and happiness is tragically replaced with jealousy and rage. In-text citation: Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. 2. Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. What bloody business ever. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). So much I challenge that I may profess A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. He turns to Iago, who has been brought before him to know the reason for his actions. No products in the cart. The first two acts of the play enact the standard pattern of Shakespeares romantic comedies. If Hamlet is a tragedy about youth, and Lear concerns old age, Othello is a family or domestic tragedy of a middle-aged man in which the fate of kingdoms and the cosmos that hangs in the balance in Hamlet and Lear contracts to the private world of a marriages destruction. He sees it, in itself almost irresistible, aided at every step by fortunate accidents and the innocent mistakes of its victims. In Othello, the themes such as love and jealousy reflects on the characters motivation and their values. Othello must now face the realization of what he has done. The essays in our library are intended to serve as content examples to inspire you as you write your own essay. Is Othello or Hamlet better? Let us know! edmonton oilers jokes archetypal criticism in othello archetypal criticism in othello. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. After Othello returns from war at sea with the Turks, his fortune begins a downward spiral. What is striking about Shakespeares alteration of Cinthios grisly tale of murder and villainy is the shift of emphasis to the provocation for the murder, the ennobling of Othello as a figure of great stature and dignity to underscore his self-destruction, and the complication of motive for the ensigns actions. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. . The term "archetype" can be traced to Plato (arche, "original"; typos, "form"), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work . Jung was also more preoccupied with dreams and fantasies, because he saw them as exclusively (purely) products of the unconscious, in contrast to literature, which he oddly believed, citing Joyces Ulysses as an example, was created in the full light of consciousness (15:123). As hells from heaven. archetypal criticism in othelloboone county wv obituaries. : Feminist: Ex. Their union is opposed by Desdemonas father, Brabantio, and by a rival for Desdemona, Roderigo, who in the plays opening scenes are both provoked against Othello by Iago. Her Jungian Approach to Literature attempts to cover the Finnish epic The Kalevala, the Persian Atars The Conference of the Birds, and texts by Euripides, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Corneille, Goethe, Novalis, Rabbi ben Simhah Nachman, and W. B. Yeats. Human emotions have a lot of power over how we react to situations in life, the trick is learning how to not let them take over. Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). Thus archetype is recognized as the tendency to form and reform images in relation to certain kinds of repeated experience, which may vary in individual cultures, authors, and readers (Lauter and Rupprecht 13-14). To furnish me with some swift means of death "He is, in a sense, a 'self made man', the . 1. And will upon the instant put thee tot. This passage reveals how much Othello has deteriorated as far as his ability to reason. In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. Literary Archetypes The Legend of Sleepy Hollow The Loved One The Magus The Making of Americans The Man in the High Castle The Mayor of Casterbridge The Member of the Wedding The Metamorphosis The Natural The Plague The Plot Against America The Portrait of a Lady The Power of Sympathy The Red Badge of Courage The Road The Road from Coorain At mid-century, Canadian critic Northrop Frye (1912-91) introduced new distinctions in literary criticism between myth and archetype. However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process. This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. Othello accused her of being unfaithful, when she never was. The present essay, "Archetypes of Literature," is taken from the book. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. That such a man should fall so far and so fast gives the play an almost unbearable momentum. Another important influence was Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) who used the term archetype to what he called "primordial images". However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. Nobody; I myself. Home Drama Criticism Analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 ( 0 ). Twere now to be most happy, for I fear Othello, unlike the other Shakespearean comedies, adds three more acts to the romantic drama, shifting from comic affirmation to tragic negation. The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . If it were now to die Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. Thus Jungian theory provided no clear avenue of access for those outside of psychology, and orthodox Jungians were left with little in the way of models for the psychological analysis of literature. Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Othello - Criticism . In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). O my souls joy, Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. Eliot, Samuel Taylor) characterize themselves as realists, pragmatic, practical, eschewing the supporters of the so-called weaker Othello, who conversely tend to describe themselves as somehow morally elevated, more empathetic. I know not ift be true; But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety (2.1. O, farewell! (5. An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. In a mess of questions of good and evil, right and wrong, critical supporters of Iago (T.S. Bibliography For Cassirer, reason alone cannot lead to truth, but mythical thinking which focuses on immediate experience is essential. Frye, however, notably in Anatomy of Criticism, essentially redefined and relocated archetype on grounds that would remove him unequivocally from the ranks of Jungian critics by severing the connection between archetype and depth psychology: This emphasis on impersonal content has been developed by Jung and his school, where the communicability of archetypes is accounted for by a theory of a collective unconsciousan unnecessary hypothesis in literary criticism, so far as I can judge (m-12). Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. No more of that. Sign up Othello is characterized by his plainspoken read analysis of Othello Iago Othello's disloyal standard-bearer and the villain of the play. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. If after every tempest come such calms, When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, Both Desdemona and Othello defy by their words and gestures the calumnies heaped upon them by Roderigo and Brabantio and vindicate the imperatives of the heart over parental authority and custom. For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). The critical annotations are astute and, given their brevity, surprisingly thorough and suggestive. Come, go with me apart. These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. . Peopleshow more content An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. Shakespeare shifts the action from Venice to Cyprus. Thus, with the archetypal theorists multiplying across disciplines on the one hand and the clinically practicing followers serving as (generally inadequate) critics on the other, archetypal literary theory and criticism flourished in two independent streams in the 1960s and 1970s. Cinthios version of Iago is conventionally driven by jealousy of a superior and lust for his wife. Speak of me as I am. The term archetype can be traced to Plato (arche, original; typos, form), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work of the Swiss founder of analytical psychology, C. G. Jung (1875-1961). Shakespeare often focuses his plays on human nature as well as fate, which Othellos fate ended in the tragic ending due to his reversal of fortune once the claims against Desdemona begin. Eventually, this leads to Othellos suicide. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. He offers throughout the play multiple justifi cations for his intrigue: He has been passed over in favor of Cassio; he suspects the Moor and Cassio with his wife, Emilia; he is envious of Cassios open nature; and he is desirous of Desdemona himself. Reading example essays works the same way! Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. Frye's work helped displace New Criticism as the major mode of analyzing literary texts . Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. That Cassios not alive. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. he asks, which gives pause to a theory of pure nobility. Feminist archetypal theory, proceeding inductively, restored Jungs original emphasis on the fluid, dynamic nature of the archetype, drawing on earlier feminist theory as well as the work of Jungian Erich Neumann to reject absolutist, ahistorical, essentialist, and transcendentalist misinterpretations. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). In Shakespeare's, An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. While adding to the tone of the story it also adds to the characters overall personality from the reader's perspective. The play is set in Venice and Cyprus where a Moor, Othello, General of the Venetian army gets secretly married to a Venetian noblemans daughter, Desdemona. An archetypal critic would also say that the recurring patterns in literature prove that there are universal Archetypes Archetypal criticism focuses on patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. The approaches of semiologists, structuralists and deconstructivists . Othello falls in love with Desdemona and they secretly marry; later, he leaves to Cyprus to stop the Turks. To you, preferring you before her father, William Shakespeare, born in the year 1564, is often considered to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest, writer in the English language. Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . In his major work, The Anatomy of Criticism, he states: 'I mean by an archetype a symbol which connects one poem with another and thereby helps to unify and integrate our . OTHELLO: Iago critics. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. His imagination is excited to intense activity, but it is the activity of concentration rather than dilation. Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away These archetypalists, focusing on the imaginaland making central the concept that in English they call soul, assert their kinship with Semiotics and Structuralism but maintain an insistent focus on psychoid phenomena, which they characterize as meaningful. while we are reading any of [Shakespeare's] great criminal characters - we think not so much of the crimes which they commit, as of the ambition, the aspiring spirit, the intellectual activity which prompts them to . A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery. As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. Consistent with his role as guardian of order in the state, Othello carries out his own execution, by analogy judging his act as a violation reflected by Venices savage enemy: And say besides, that in Aleppo once, You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? Othello makes an error in judgement, which leads to his change in fortune, and later realizes that his actions are what caused said change in fortune. archetypal criticism in othello. My life and education both do learn me Jungs Psychology of the Unconscious (1916, B. M. Hinkles translation of the 1911-12 Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido) appeared in English one year after publication of the concluding volume with bibliography of the third edition of J. G. Frazers The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (2 vols., 1890,3d ed., 12 vols., 1911-15). Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. This book established the priority of interest in the archetypal over the mythological. I am hitherto your daughter. Kibin. In addition, Othello is far from being a perfect character - another quality that meets Aristotle's requirements. To wronged Othellos service. Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. The story opens on Briony Tallis, a 13-year-old growing up in the upper-middle class in England in 1953 with . This way of proceeding had the effect of putting, and keeping, archetypal criticism on the margins of academic discourse and outside the boundaries of traditional academic disciplines and departments. In the beginning of the play, Othello is seen as content with his new bride: For know, Iago, But that I love the gentle Desdemona (1.2.24-25). Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. He had even gone as far as hitting her (4.1 134). On a general level, Jungs and Fryes theorizings about archetypes, however labeled, overlap, and boundaries are elusive, but in the disciplines of literature the two schools have largely ignored each others work.
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